Astaxanthin: our guidance for proper usage.

Astaxanthin, a pigment commonly found in skincare products.

The astaxanthin is a natural red-orange pigment belonging to the carotenoid family, specifically xanthophylls. It is widely found in marine environments, particularly in crustaceans (krill, lobsters, shrimp) and certain fish (salmon, trout, mackerel). However, its primary natural source is a freshwater micro-algae: Haematococcus pluvialis. Known for its potent antioxidant action, the astaxanthin is capable of effectively trapping free radicals before they can damage skin or hair cells. Therefore, it is particularly beneficial in preventing premature aging of the skin and hair fibers.

Studies have also shown that astaxanthin can promote collagen production by increasing the expression of TIMP-1, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, thus helping to maintain skin elasticity and limit the appearance of wrinkles. Lastly, its anti-inflammatory action, demonstrated by the reduction of MMP and pro-inflammatory cytokines via the inhibition of IκB kinase, suggests a soothing potential for sensitive skin or irritated scalps.

How to use astaxanthin in topical application?

Astaxanthin is now incorporated into many skin and hair care products. To use them optimally and reap all the benefits of this active ingredient, several factors must be considered.

Which dosage of astaxanthin should one opt for?
In cosmetic formulas, astaxanthin is typically present at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.1%, percentages that may seem low but are actually sufficient to take advantage of its antioxidant properties. To date, no scientific study has shown the superiority of one concentration over another. The most important thing is to follow the manufacturer's instructions, which take into account the stability of the astaxanthin used and the synergy that may exist with the other active ingredients in the product.
When is the best time of day to apply an astaxanthin-based treatment?
Non-photosensitizing, astaxanthin can be used both in the morning and evening, as per the instructions on the product. In the morning, it acts as an antioxidant shield, bolstering the skin and hair's natural defenses against external aggressors they may encounter throughout the day, such as UV rays or pollution. In the evening, it can support skin regeneration. It's worth noting that its natural orange-red color may slightly tint products that contain it. Therefore, we advise you to let it fully absorb before potentially applying another treatment or makeup.
Which form of astaxanthin should you choose?
All forms of astaxanthin are not created equal in skincare. Natural astaxanthin, extracted from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, is currently favored for its antioxidant potency and well-established safety profile, but its use is not yet systematic. Studies in vitro have shown that natural astaxanthin is over 50 times more effective than the synthetic form in neutralizing singlet oxygen and 20 times more effective in eliminating free radicals. This difference can be explained by their unique stereochemistries, with stereochemistry referring to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. These stereochemistry variations are highlighted by the existence of three enantiomers, as shown in the figure below. Natural astaxanthin contains 100% of the 3S, 3S' enantiomer, while synthetic astaxanthin includes a combination of the three enantiomers: 25% of 3S, 3S', 50% of 3R, 3S' and 25% of 3R, 3R'.

Les énantiomères de l'astaxanthine. — The enantiomers of astaxanthin.
Source: CAPELLI B. & others. Synthetic astaxanthin falls short in comparison to algal-based astaxanthin in terms of antioxidant properties and may not be appropriate as a dietary supplement for humans. Nutrafoods (2013).

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A closer look at dietary supplements containing astaxanthin.

Beyond its cosmetic use, astaxanthin can also be consumed in the form of capsules or gummies, for example. When taken orally, astaxanthin is believed to have a more comprehensive effect on the body, neutralizing free radicals in tissues and cell membranes. It is also thought to have beneficial effects on the skin: this pigment could improve skin hydration and reduce wrinkles. Dietary supplements containing astaxanthin are also credited with a positive impact on the immune system, athletic performance, and fatigue.

Whether consumed in capsules or gummies, astaxanthin is currently viewed as a versatile ingredient, bridging the gap between nutraceuticals and dermo-nutrition.

Several clinical trials have explored the impact of astaxanthin supplementation on skin quality. The doses generally studied range between 3 and 6 mg per day. This dosage appears to be sufficient for the active ingredient to exert its antioxidant effects, particularly on skin structural alterations related to UV rays. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study from Japan, published in 2018, evaluated the effects of a daily supplementation of 4 mg of natural astaxanthin for 10 weeks. The 23 participants, all in good health, then had their skin exposed to UV rays to measure the minimal erythema dose, an indicator of sun sensitivity. The group that received astaxanthin showed an increase in the UV reaction threshold, indicating a better protection against sunburn. In addition, transepidermal water loss in the irradiated areas was significantly reduced, suggesting a better maintenance of skin hydration. Participants also noted a subjective improvement in the roughness and texture of their skin.

Even though astaxanthin can enhance the skin's protection against the sun, it cannot replace a sunscreen.

These findings align with a review of scientific literature published in 2021, which includes several clinical studies, among them six randomized placebo-controlled trials. It highlights a significant improvement in the appearance of wrinkles, skin texture, and hydration levels after a few weeks of supplementation. Astaxanthin could potentially provide support against photoaging of the skin. Furthermore, no adverse effects have been reported to date from oral intake of astaxanthin at dosages between 3 and 6 mg, although it's worth noting that studies are often limited by their modest size.