What should you know about succinic acid?

Succinic acid is composed of four carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms (C₄H₆O₄). It appears as colorless crystals, highly soluble in water. The first isolation of succinic acid dates back to the 19th century, where it was extracted from fossil amber, hence its name derived from the Latin term "succinum", meaning amber. Over the centuries, its applications have diversified, ranging from pharmacology to cosmetics.

Traditionally, succinic acid was extracted by distilling amber. Today, production methods have modernized and diversified. It is primarily produced through fermentation, using bacteria or yeast to convert sugars or starches into succinic acid. Another method involves producing it chemically from petrochemical raw materials. However, due to increasing demand and environmental concerns, the biosynthetic fermentation methods are gaining popularity, offering more sustainable alternatives for the cosmetic industry.

The succinic acid has several beneficial properties for the skin and hair, which justifies its increasing use in cosmetic formulations:

• Succinic acid is antimicrobial : The succinic acid inhibits the growth of bacteria, particularly Cutibacterium acnes, which is responsible for pimples and skin blemishes. By regulating the microbial flora, it helps to reduce inflammation and the formation of comedones.

• Succinic acid is a gentle exfoliant : Due to its chemical structure, succinic acid acts as a gentle exfoliant. It promotes the shedding of dead cells on the skin's surface, which helps to improve skin texture and even out the complexion. This mechanism helps to reduce the buildup of dead cells that can clog pores.

• Succinic acid has a sebum-regulating effect : Succinic acid helps to normalize the production of sebum by the sebaceous glands, which reduces shine and the appearance of enlarged pores. By balancing sebum secretion, it helps to prevent skin breakouts associated with oily skin.

• Succinic acid has anti-inflammatory properties : It reduces skin inflammation, soothing irritated or blemish-prone skin. Additionally, scientific research has revealed that there is no evidence that succinic acid can be released from amber beads into the skin, nor that it has anti-inflammatory properties, which calls into question its direct use for these effects.

These properties make succinic acid a sought-after ingredient for skincare, particularly for those looking to enhance the clarity and texture of their epidermis.

Although the succinic acid is generally well tolerated when used in cosmetic products, it is always important to remain vigilant about potential side effects. Drawing on broader research on acids used in dermatology, one can hypothesize that succinic acid could lead to certain adverse effects:

• Skin Irritation: Some individuals may experience mild skin irritations, such as redness or itching, particularly those with sensitive skin.

• Skin Dryness: Similar to other acids, succinic acid can cause dryness or flaking if used excessively, especially in individuals with dry skin.

• Increased sensitivity to the sun: Although specific evidence for succinic acid is limited, it is recommended to avoid excessive sun exposure after use to limit the risk of photosensitization.

In the event of an adverse reaction, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist.

At Typology, you can find succinic acid in our Blemishes Day Serum. Formulated with 98% natural-origin ingredients, this treatment combines the antibacterial and exfoliating properties of succinic acid with the seboregulating power of copper PCA to reduce all types of imperfections. Use over the whole face, after cleansing and drying.

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